is path connected.
} Let M bewith the unit circle shrunk to a point P. Again M is topologically a sphere, so we may give it a bounded metric d. Let
be the set of sequences
which converge to P and define a metric
on
by
![]()
Let the group
of permutations of
act on
by permuting the coordinates. Define a metric D on the quotient space
by letting
![]()
Here
denote the projections of
to
. (That
if and only if
requires the convergence of x,y.) The set of zeros of a power series
![]()
inside
forms a sequence in M converging to P (by Proposition 2.1) or else is finite, in which case we append an infinite sequence of P's. This defines a map
![]()
By the same Rouché's theorem argument used in the proof of Theorem 4.1, this map is continuous. The conditions of Lemma 4.1 hold for the same reason as before, so the image of f is path connected.
Suppose
. Let
be a path from the image under f of a 0,1 power series vanishing at
to
.
Fix
, and let
be
with the annulus
shrunk to a point Q. Define
on
by letting
. By Proposition 2.1 there is an upper bound n on the number of zeros of a 0,1 power series inside
. The path
induces a path
![]()
(Apply the projection
to each element of
, and throw away infinitely many Q's to get
.)
Pick
such that
. We define inductively a sequence of paths
![]()
each extending the one before. First apply Lemma 5.1 to lift
to a path
. Since some coordinate of
is
and since all coordinates of
are Q, we get a path
from
to Q in
. Let
be the smallest
such that
. Then by restriction to
we get a path
in
since
can be identified with
. Finally, since
is always a coordinate of
,
for all
.
By the same process, we inductively find for each
a path
such that
, let
be the smallest
such that
![]()
and obtain a path
![]()
which we append to
to obtain
![]()
such that
is always a coordinate of
.
Let
. Piecing together the
's gives a continuous map
![]()
such that
is a coordinate of
for all
. The set of limit points of
as
is a closed interval I. Let
. If
is distinct from
then
(since
) and by continuity of
, r also differs by some
from all coordinates of
for t in a neighborhood of
, so r cannot be a limit point of
as
. Thus
but
so I must be a single point. Since
for
,
.
Case 1: 1 is the only limit point of
as
. Then
extends to a path
from
to 1.
Case 2: There is a limit point
,
, of
as
. By Theorem 3.1, there is an open disc centered at
contained in
. For some
,
is in this disc, so we can replace the tail end of
on
by a straight line from
to
in
.
In either case we can connect
to a point on the unit circle via a path in
. The same is true if
,
, since
is closed under
. Since
contains the unit circle, this proves that
is path connected.